Electronic and magnetic properties of the graphene–ferromagnet interface

This paper presents our work on the investigation of the surface structure and the electronic and magnetic properties of the graphene layer on the lattice-matched surface of a ferromagnetic material, Ni(111). Scanning tunneling microscopy imaging shows that perfectly ordered epitaxial graphene layers can be prepared by elevated temperature decomposition of hydrocarbons, with domains larger than the terraces of the underlying Ni(111). In some exceptional cases, graphene films do not show rotational alignment with the metal surface, leading to moiré structures with small periodicities. We discuss the crystallographic structure of graphene with respect to the Ni(111) surface relying both on experimental results and on recent theoretical studies. X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigations of empty valence-band states demonstrate the existence of interface states, which originate from the strong hybridization between the graphene π and Ni 3d valence-band states with the partial charge transfer of the spin-polarized electrons to the graphene π unoccupied states. The latter leads to the appearance of an induced magnetic moment of carbon atoms in the graphene layer, which is unambiguously confirmed by both x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and spin-resolved photoemission. Further angleresolved photoemission investigations indicate a strong interaction between graphene and Ni(111), showing considerable modification of the valence-band states of Ni and graphene due to strong hybridization. A detailed analysis of the Fermi surface of the graphene/Ni(111) system shows very good agreement between experimental and calculated two-dimensional maps of the electronic states around the Fermi level, supporting the idea of spin-filtering. We analyze 3 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. New Journal of Physics 12 (2010) 125004 1367-2630/10/125004+22$30.00 © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft